Summary sulfide stress cracking ssc is just one of several forms of hydrogen. The effects of alloying elements cuni, mo, and ti in line pipe steels on the susceptibility to sulfide stress cracking ssc was studied with respect to hydrogen permeation, crack nucleation, and crack propagation. Corrosionpedia what is sulfide stress cracking ssc. Abstract sulfide stress cracking ssc behavior of three microstructures, i. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is just one of several forms of hydrogen.
Koh 1 pohang university of science and technology, center for advanced aerospace materials, san 31 hyojadong, namku, pohang 790784 korea. Even though the hangers both met nace standard mr017588 hardness requirements. Additionally, if h2s is present, resistance to sulfide stress cracking may be required, depending also on other environmental conditions. Sulfide stress cracking oil and gas pipelines wiley. Test conditions are not designed to simulate any particular pipeline or process operation. In this chapter the terms eac and scc are generally interchangeable. Element performs sulfide stress cracking ssc testing of metals subject to cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and h2s, in compliance with nace tm0177 iso 15156 standards. This paper describes work performed under a short study programme into the sulfide stress corrosion cracking behaviour of samples taken from a pipe girth weld. The critical stress sc values of these three microstructures were determined experimentally to be.
Pipeline rehabilitation with thermoplastic pipe pull through. Sulphide stress cracking of joints in martensitic steels twi. By implementing the requirements of the regulation and through responsible maintenance programs, pipeline operators continuously inspect their pipelines for indications of scc. Therefore, it is a source of hydrogen ions and is corrosive. The sulfide stress cracking fracture toughness is primarily a function. Effect of alloying elements on the susceptibility to. Nace tm 02842011 evaluation of pipeline and pressure. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the evergrowing demand for energy around the world. Standard material requirements sulfide stress cracking. Sulfide stress cracking of pipelinecase history onepetro. What causes stress corrosion cracking in pipelines. Role of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking of oil and gas pipeline steels.
Hic and ssc behavior of highstrength pipeline steels. This term should not be confused with stress corrosion cracking scs, since this is anodic in nature. Strain and sulfide stress cracking in pipeline girth welds. The lower molecular weightcompounds, however, such as those encountered in petroleum production and used to odorize natural gas, should be expected to cause sulfiderelated attacksulfide stress cracking or hydrogenaffected cracking in susceptible steels in the presence of waterbut this has not been observed in practical applications. Parts of the pipeline were sent for analysis in cambridge, uk, which showed that the corrosion was the main cause of the leak. The cords or strips must be evaluated for sulfide stress cracking ssc and hydrogen induced cracking hic in accordance with nace tm0177. Environmentally assisted cracking eac is a general term that includes processes such as stress corrosion cracking scc, hydrogen embrittlement he, sulfide stress cracking ssc, liquid metal embrittlement lme, and corrosion fatigue cf. Pdf on may 29, 2018, byounghyun yoon and others published characteristics of sulfide stress cracking of high strength pipeline steel. Nace mr0103iso 17945 petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries metallic materials resistant to sulfide stress cracking in corrosive petroleum refining environments.
Sulfide stress cracking nace mr01752002, mr0175iso. Stress corrosion cracking of gas pipeline steels of different strength. Abstract a replacement girth weld in a wet, sour gas gathering pipeline fuelled within 72 hours of start of operation. Abstract the presence of h 2 s in hydrocarbon carrying pipelines requires. The effects of mercaptans on various metals aong website. Kashagan gas leak caused by sulphide stress corrosion. Rosen 15 types of pipeline cracks inspection solutions. Sulfide stress cracking ssc of high strength, low alloy steel is a. Sulfide stress cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. The original 1997 cepa stress corrosion cracking recommended practices hereafter referred to as the practices were prepared and made public by cepa in response to a the national energy board of canadas public inquiry mh295 into the problem of stress corrosion cracking scc in oil and gas pipelines. The influence of chemical composition and microstructure of api linepipe steels on hydrogen induced cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking. Stress corrosion cracking scc is a type of environmentallyassisted cracking eac, or the formation of cracks caused by various factors combined with the environment surrounding the pipeline. This paper describes the investigation of this unusual failure, indicates probable causes, and outlines potential changes in repair.
The most common conditions for these are sour environments. Chapter 1 pipeline corrosion november 2008 page 1 1 introduction. Effects of nonmetallic inclusions and their shape modification on the properties of pipeline steel x. Sulfide stress cracking ssc of high strength, low alloy steel is a phenomenon of particular. Element sulfide stress cracking ssc testing according the nace tm0177 iso 15156 standards help ensure sour service pipelines reliability and longevity. Effect of line pipe steel microstructure on susceptibility to sulfide stress cracking s. Sour service x80 is a premium product which presented a major development challenge. Florian led corrosion testing from the research center in france calling on its experience and line pipe manufacturing expertise in germany. But, the presence of h 2 s in well fluids imposes severe restrictions on the use of tubular goods due to sulfide stress cracking phenomenon 2. The most typical forms of cracking are manufacturing related such as lack of fusion, cold welds and hook cracklike, operational driven fatigue cracks initiating at imperfections or dents and environmentally assisted stress corrosion cracking, hydrogeninduced cracking and corrosion fatigue cracking.
Ppim 2019 managing cracks and seam weld anomalies on. Oil and gas companies and original equipment manufacturers have also established rules to differentiate between pits and cracks. This form of cracking in pipelines is not usually a defect assessment problem. Sulfide stress cracking is also called hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking and sulfide stresscorrosion cracking.
Sulfide stress cracking oil and gas pipelines wiley online library. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, very poisonous, flammable gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Industrial committees to pool data and information were established in canada and in the united states by the national. Managing stress corrosion cracking with pipeline integrity. A comprehensive and detailed reference guide on the integrity and safety of oil and gas pipelines, both onshore and offshore covers a wide variety of topics, including design, pipe manufacture, pipeline welding, human factors, residual stresses, mechanical damage, fracture and corrosion, protection, inspection and monitoring, pipeline cleaning, direct assessment. Chloride pitting corrosion hydrogen induced stress cracking hisc sulphide stress cracking ssc stress corrosion cracking scc pitting corrosion crevice corrosion galvanic corrosion. Definition of sulfide stress cracking iadc lexicon. Standard material requirements sulfide stress cracking resistant metallic materials for oilfield equipment contents 1. Role of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking of oil and gas. Susceptible alloys, especially steels, react with hydrogen sulfide, forming metal sulfides and atomic hydrogen as corrosion byproducts. Corporation commission, oil and gas conservation, oklahoma administrative code 165. Company ukrtransgaz, affiliate lvivtransgaz, 3, rubchaka st. Sulfide stress cracking of a pipeline weld in sour gas.
Sour cracking hic, sulfide stress corrosion cracking sscc environmentally assisted cracking can also occur internally in pipelines. As a form of hydrogen stress cracking, ssc is a cracking mechanism in pipelines, facilities piping and any equipment. Sulfide stress crackingnace mr01752002, mr0175iso 15156 651 te c h n i c a l new sulfide stress cracking standard for refineries don bush, principal engineer materials, at emerson process management fisher valves, is a member and former chair of a nace task group that has written a document for refinery applications, nace mr0103. Manufacturing related anomalies lack of fusion, cold welds, stitching, and hook cracklike features operational driven fatigue cracks in the body of the pipe and weld toe. Scc occurs as a result of a combination between corrosion and tensile stress. Effect of line pipe steel microstructure on susceptibility. Sulfide stress cracking failures of 12cr and 174ph. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is a form of hydrogen embrittlement which is a cathodic cracking mechanism. Potential threats to cra include but may not be limited to. In this paper sulfide stress cracking case histories of 12 cr and 174ph stainless steel tubing hangers are presented along with the results of nace standard tm0177 laboratory tests performed on the failed material. Our engineers and technicians utilize their academic training, field experience, and advanced analysis tools to identify and help control modes of corrosion and environmental degradation of materials that can lead to component or systemwide failures with our corrosion engineering services. Pdf the consequences of cracks formed on the oil and gas. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc. Saudi aramco details nonmetallic products deployment in.
Be observant for signs of pipeline damage, leakage, or security concerns. Ssc is one of the many environmental cracking mechanisms resulting in pipeline steels exposed to aqueous sour service environments. The major hazards of h 2 s are its ability to cause rapid damage to health or sudden death due to accidental exposure and metal integrity failure due to general corrosion or cracking. It should not be confused with the term stress corrosion cracking which is an anodic cracking mechanism. Vallourec team innovates to develop x80 for sour conditions. Stress corrosion cracking can be identified by the appearance of patches of parallel cracks on the external surface of the pipe, usually in the direction of the pipe. Micro alloyed pipeline steels are commonly used in the petroleum industry for transport applications 1. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is a type of hydrogen cracking which presents a cathodic embrittlement mechanism.
Explains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be prevented pipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. Stress corrosion cracking scc can result from a combination of the external corrosive environment, pipeline composition, and tensile stress of the pipeline. Sulfide stress cracking sulfide stress cracking means the cracking phenomenon which is the result of corrosive action of hydrogen sulfide on susceptible metals under stress. Following aqueous corrosion reactions in the presence of h2s on the pipe internal surface, atomic hydrogen is produced and absorbed in the pipe steel. This includes temperature of the product, operating stress, age of the pipeline, coating type. Water with hydrogen sulfide alone does not cause disease. The test is intended to evaluate resistance to hic only, and not other adverse effects of sour environments such as sulfide stress cracking ssc, pitting, or mass loss from corrosion. An investigation performed by north caspian operating company ncoc, the operator of kashagan, has discovered that sulphide stress corrosion is the cause of the leaks, reports tengrinews. Four point bend sulfide stress corrosion cracking tests of 30 days duration were performed on specimens manufactured from the strained and unstrained material in nace tm0177. For this reason, along with toxicity risks of hydrogen sulfide gas, it is essential that water muds be kept entirely free of soluble sulfides and especially hydrogen sulfide at low ph. Corrosion is related to the susceptibility of the material to the environment, while.
There are maximum acceptable h 2 s concentration limits in sale quality oil and gas. Role of microstructure on sulfide stress cracking of oil. Material property requirements include high mechanical properties at ambient and high temperatures e. Characteristics of sulfide stress cracking of high strength pipeline. Improved ductility and toughness, climax molybdenum company, ann arbor. Stress corrosion cracking of pipelines electrochemistry. Strain and sulfide stress cracking in pipeline girth welds twi.
Sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining lowalloy. Pdf stress corrosion cracking of gas pipeline steels of different. Sulfide stress cracking ssc was first identified and the mechanism outlined in the 1940s after several failures of oil and gas systems in texas and canada. Direct assessments involve collecting existing information on the pipeline that can be used to determine the likelihood of stress corrosion cracking from occurring. Highstrength steels with improved sulfide stress cracking resistance.
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